Preface
Copyright
Copyright 1998-2000, The OpenLDAP Foundation, All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 1992-1996, Regents of the University of Michigan, All Rights Reserved.
Scope of this Document
This document provides a guide for installing OpenLDAP 2.0 Software on
This document is meant to be used in conjunction with other OpenLDAP information resources provided with the software package and on the project's extensive site (http://www.OpenLDAP.org/) on the World Wide Web. The site makes available a number of resources.
| Resource | URL |
| Document Catalog | http://www.OpenLDAP.org/doc/ |
| Frequently Asked Questions | http://www.OpenLDAP.org/faq/ |
| Issue Tracking System | http://www.OpenLDAP.org/its/ |
| Mailing Lists | http://www.OpenLDAP.org/lists/ |
| Software Pages | http://www.OpenLDAP.org/software/ |
| Support Pages | http://www.OpenLDAP.org/support/ |
Acknowledgments
The OpenLDAP Project is comprised of a team of volunteers. This document would not be possible without their contribution of time and energy.
The OpenLDAP Project would also like to thank the University of Michigan LDAP for building the foundation of LDAP software and information to which OpenLDAP Software is built upon.
Amendments
Suggested enhancements and corrections to this document should be submitted
using the OpenLDAP
About this document
This document was produced using the Simple Document Format (http://www.mincom.com/mtr/sdf/) documentation system developed by Ian Clatworthy.
1. Introduction to OpenLDAP Directory Services
This document describes how to build, configure, and operate OpenLDAP
software to provide directory services. This includes details on how to
configure and run the stand-alone
1.1. What is a directory service?
A directory is specialized database optimized for reading, browsing and searching. Directories tend to contain descriptive, attribute-based information and support sophisticated filtering capabilities. Directories generally do not support complicated transaction or roll-back schemes found in database management systems designed for handling high-volume complex updates. Directory updates are typically simple all-or-nothing changes, if they are allowed at all. Directories are tuned to give quick-response to high-volume lookup or search operations. They may have the ability to replicate information widely in order to increase availability and reliability, while reducing response time. When directory information is replicated, temporary inconsistencies between the replicas may be okay, as long as they get in sync eventually.
There are many different ways to provide a directory service. Different
methods allow different kinds of information to be stored in the directory,
place different requirements on how that information can be referenced, queried
and updated, how it is protected from unauthorized access, etc. Some directory
services are local, providing service to a restricted context (e.g.,
the finger service on a single machine). Other services are global, providing
service to a much broader context (e.g., the entire Internet). Global services
are usually distributed, meaning that the data they contain is spread
across many machines, all of which cooperate to provide the directory service.
Typically a global service defines a uniform namespace which gives the
same view of the data no matter where you are in relation to the data itself.
The Internet
1.2. What is LDAP?
slapd's model for directory service is based on a global directory
model called
What kind of information can be stored in the directory? The LDAP
information model is based on entries. An entry is a collection of
attributes that has a globally-unique
How is the information arranged? In LDAP, directory entries are arranged in a hierarchical tree-like structure. Traditionally, this structure reflected the geographic and/or organizational boundaries. Entries representing countries appeared at the top of the tree. Below them are entries representing states and national organizations. Below them might be entries representing organizational units, people, printers, documents, or just about anything else you can think of. Figure 1.1 shows an example LDAP directory tree using traditional naming.
Figure 1.1: LDAP directory tree (traditional naming)
The tree may also be arranged based upon Internet domain names. This naming
approach is becoming increasing popular as it allows for directory services to
be locating using the
Figure 1.2: LDAP directory tree (Internet naming)
In addition, LDAP allows you to control which attributes are required and allowed in an entry through the use of a special attribute called objectClass. The values of the objectClass attribute determine the schema rules the entry must obey.
How is the information referenced? An entry is referenced by its
distinguished name, which is constructed by taking the name of the entry itself
(called the
How is the information accessed? LDAP defines operations for interrogating and updating the directory. Operations are provided for adding and deleting an entry from the directory, changing an existing entry, and changing the name of an entry. Most of the time, though, LDAP is used to search for information in the directory. The LDAP search operation allows some portion of the directory to be searched for entries that match some criteria specified by a search filter. Information can be requested from each entry that matches the criteria.
For example, you might want to search the entire directory subtree at and below dc=example,dc=com for people with the name Barbara Jensen, retrieving the email address of each entry found. LDAP lets you do this easily. Or you might want to search the entries directly below the st=California,c=US entry for organizations with the string Acme in their name, and that have a fax number. LDAP lets you do this too. The next section describes in more detail what you can do with LDAP and how it might be useful to you.
How is the information protected from unauthorized access? Some directory services provide no protection, allowing anyone to see the information. LDAP provides a mechanisms for a client to authenticate, or prove its identity to a directory server, paving the way for rich access control to protect the information the server contains. LDAP also supports privacy and integrity security services.
1.3. How does LDAP work?
LDAP directory service is based on a client-server model. One or more LDAP servers contain the data making up the LDAP directory tree. An LDAP client connects to an LDAP server and asks it a question. The server responds with the answer and/or with a pointer to where the client can get additional information (typically, another LDAP server). No matter which LDAP server a client connects to, it sees the same view of the directory; a name presented to one LDAP server references the same entry it would at another LDAP server. This is an important feature of a global directory service, like LDAP.
1.4. What is slapd and what can it do?
slapd is an LDAP directory server that runs on many different platforms. You can use it to provide a directory service of your very own. Your directory can contain pretty much anything you want to put in it. You can connect it to the global LDAP directory service, or run a service all by yourself. Some of slapd's more interesting features and capabilities include:
LDAPv2 and LDAPv3: slapd supports both version 2 and 3
of the
Access control: slapd provides a rich and powerful access
control facility, allowing you to control access to the information in your
database(s). You can control access to entries based on LDAP authorization
information,
Internationalization: slapd supports Unicode and language tags.
Choice of databases: slapd comes with a variety of different
backend databases you can choose from. They include
Multiple database instances: slapd can be configured to serve multiple databases at the same time. This means that a single slapd server can respond to requests for many logically different portions of the LDAP tree, using the same or different backend databases.
Generic modules API: If you require even more customization,
slapd lets you write your own modules easily. slapd consists
of two distinct parts: a front end that handles protocol communication with LDAP
clients; and modules which handle specific tasks such as database operations.
Because these two pieces communicate via a well-defined
Threads: slapd is threaded for high performance. A single multi-threaded slapd process handles all incoming requests, reducing the amount of system overhead required.
Replication: slapd can be configured to maintain replica copies of its database. This single-master/multiple-slave replication scheme is vital in high-volume environments where a single slapd just doesn't provide the necessary availability or reliability. slapd also includes experimental support for multi-master replication.
Configuration: slapd is highly configurable through a single configuration file which allows you to change just about everything you'd ever want to change. Configuration options have reasonable defaults, making your job much easier.
slapd also has its limitations, of course. The main LDBM database backend does not handle range queries or negation queries very well. These features and more will be coming in a future release.
1.5. What about X.500?
Technically, LDAP is a directory access protocol to an
This use of LDAP makes it easy to access the X.500 directory, but still requires a full X.500 service to make data available to the many LDAP clients being developed. As with full X.500 DAP clients, a full X.500 DAP server is no small piece of software to operate.
The stand-alone LDAP daemon, or slapd(8), is meant to remove much of the burden from the server side just as LDAP itself removed much of the burden from clients. If you are already running a X.500 DAP service and you want to continue to do so, you can probably stop reading this guide, which is all about running LDAP via slapd, without running X.500 DAP. If you are not running X.500 DAP, want to stop running X.500 DAP, or have no immediate plans to run X.500 DAP, read on.
It is possible to replicate data from an LDAP directory server to a X.500 DAP
1.6. What is slurpd and what can it do?
slurpd(8) is a daemon that helps slapd provide replicated service. It is responsible for distributing changes made to the master slapd database out to the various slapd replicas. It frees slapd from having to worry that some replicas might be down or unreachable when a change comes through; slurpd handles retrying failed requests automatically. slapd and slurpd communicate through a simple text file that is used to log changes.
See the Replication with slurpd chapter for information about how to configure and run slurpd(8).
2. A Quick-Start Guide
The following is a quick start guide to OpenLDAP 2.0 software, including the stand-alone LDAP daemon, slapd(8).
It is meant to step you through the basic steps needed to install and configure OpenLDAP software. It should be used in conjunction with the other chapters of this document, manual pages, and other materials provided with the distribution (e.g. the INSTALL document) or on the OpenLDAP web site (in particular, the OpenLDAP Software FAQ).
If you intend to run OpenLDAP seriously, you should review the all of this document before attempt to install the software.
Note: This quick start guide does not use strong authentication nor any privacy and integrity protection services. These services are described in other chapters of the OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide.
- Get the software
You can obtain a copy of the software by following the instructions on the OpenLDAP download page (http://www.openldap.org/software/download/). It is recommended that new users start with the (latest) release.
- Unpack the distribution
Pick a directory for the LDAP source to live under, change directory to there, and unpack the distribution using the following commands:- gunzip -c openldap-VERSION.tgz | tar xvfB -
then relocate yourself into the distribution directory:- cd openldap-VERSION
You'll have to replace VERSION with the version name of the release.
- Review documentation
You should now review the COPYRIGHT, LICENSE, README and INSTALL documents provided with the distribution. The COPYRIGHT and LICENSE provide information on acceptable use, copying, and limitation of warranty of OpenLDAP software.
You should also review other chapters of this document. In particular, the Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software chapter of this document provides detailed information on prerequisite software and installation procedures.
- Run configure
You will need to run the provided configure script to configure to the distribution for building on your system. The configure script accepts many command line options that enable or disable optional software features. Usually the defaults are okay, but you may want to change them. To get a complete list of options that configure accepts, use the --help option:- ./configure --help
However, given that you using this guide, we'll assume you'll are brave enough to just let configure to determine what's best:- ./configure
Assuming configure doesn't dislike your system, you can proceed with building the software. If configure did complain, well, you'll likely need to go to the FAQ Installation Section (http://www.openldap.org/faq/ and/or actually read the Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software chapter of this document.
- Build the software.
The next step is to build the software. This step has two parts, first we construct dependencies and then we compile the software:- make depend
make
Both makes should complete without error.
- Test the build.
To ensure a correct build, you should run the test suite (it only takes a few minutes):- make test
Tests which apply to your configuration will run and they should pass. Some tests, such as the replication test, may be skipped.
- Install the software.
You are now ready to install the software, this usually requires super-user privledges:- su root -c 'make install'
Everything should now be installed under /usr/local (or whatever installation prefix was used by configure.
- Edit the configuration file.
Use your favorite editor to edit the provided slapd.conf(5) example (usually installed as /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf) to contain an LDBM database definition of the form:- database ldbm
suffix "dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>"
rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>"
rootpw secret
directory /usr/local/var/openldap-ldbm
Be sure to replace <MY-DOMAIN> and <COM> with the appropriate domain components of your domain name. For example, for example.com, use:- database ldbm
suffix "dc=example,dc=com"
rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com"
rootpw secret
directory /usr/local/var/openldap-ldbm
If your domain contains additional components, such as eng.uni.edu.eu, use:- database ldbm
suffix "dc=eng,dc=uni,dc=edu,dc=eu"
rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=eng,dc=uni,dc=edu,dc=eu"
rootpw secret
directory /usr/local/var/openldap-ldbm
Details regarding configuring slapd(8) can be found in the slapd.conf(5) manual page and the The slapd Configuration File chapter of this document.
- Start SLAPD.
You are now ready to start the stand-alone LDAP server, slapd(8), by running the command:- su root -c /usr/local/libexec/slapd
To check to see if the server is running and configured correctly, you can run a search against it with ldapsearch(1). By default, ldapsearch is installed as /usr/local/bin/ldapsearch:- ldapsearch -x -b '' -s base '(objectclass=*)'
namingContexts
Note the use of single quotes around command parameters to prevent special characters from being interpreted by the shell. This should return:- dn:
namingContexts: dc=example,dc=com
Details regarding running slapd(8) can be found in the slapd(8) manual page and the Running slapd chapter of this document.
- Add initial entries to your directory.
You can use ldapadd(1) to add entries to your LDAP directory. ldapadd expects input in LDIF form. We'll do it in two steps:- create an LDIF file
- run ldapadd
Use your favorite editor and create an LDIF file that contains:- dn: dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>
objectclass: dcObject
objectclass: organization
o: <MY ORGANIZATION>
dc: <MY-DOMAIN>
dn: cn=Manager,dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>
objectclass: organizationalRole
cn: Manager
Be sure to replace <MY-DOMAIN> and <COM> with the appropriate domain components of your domain name. <MY ORGANIZATION> should be replaced with the name of your organization. If you cut and paste, be sure to trim any leading and trailing whitespace from the example.- dn: dc=example,dc=com
objectclass: dcObject
objectclass: organization
o: Example Company
dc: example
dn: cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com
objectclass: organizationalRole
cn: Manager
Now, you may run ldapadd(1) to insert these entries into your directory.- ldapadd -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>" -W -f
example.ldif
Be sure to replace <MY-DOMAIN> and <COM> with the appropriate domain components of your domain name. You will be prompted for the "secret" specified in slapd.conf. For example, for example.com, use:- ldapadd -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" -W -f
example.ldif
where example.ldif is the file you created above.
Additional informaton regarding directory creation can be found in the Database Creation and Maintenance Tools chapter of this document.
- See if it works.
Now we're ready to verify the added entries are in your directory. You can use any LDAP client to do this, but our example uses the ldapsearch(1) tool. Remember to replace dc=example,dc=com with the correct values for your site:- ldapsearch -x -b 'dc=example,dc=com'
'(objectclass=*)'
This command will search for and retrieve every entry in the database.
You are now ready to add more entries using ldapadd(1) or another LDAP client, experiment with various configuration options, backend arrangements, etc.
Note that by default, the slapd(8) database grants read access to everybody excepting the super-user (as specified by the rootdn configuration directive). It is highly recommended that you establish controls to restrict access to authorized users. Access controls are discussed in the Access Control section of the The slapd Configuration File chapter.
The following chapters provide more detailed information on making, installing, and running slapd(8).
3. The Big Picture - Configuration Choices
This section gives a brief overview of various
3.1. Local Directory Service
In this configuration, you run a slapd which provides directory service for your local domain only. It does not interact with other directory servers in any way. This configuration is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Local service configuration.
Use this configuration if you are just starting out (it's the one the quick-start guide makes for you) or if you want to provide a local service and are not interested in connecting to the rest of the world. It's easy to upgrade to another configuration later if you want.
3.2. Local Directory Service with Referrals
In this configuration, you run a slapd which provides directory service for your local domain and configure it to return referrals to a superior service capable of requests outside your local domain. You may run this service yourself or use one provided to you. This configuration is shown in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2: Local service with referrals
Use this configuration if you want to provide local service and participate in the Global Directory.
3.3. Replicated Directory Service
The slurpd daemon is used to propagate changes from a master slapd to one or more slave slapds. An example master-slave configuration is shown in figure 3.3.
Figure 3.3: Replicated Directory Services
This configuration can be used in conjunction with either of first two configurations in situations where a single slapd does not provide the required reliability or availability.
3.4. Distributed Local Directory Service
In this configuration, the local service is partitioned into smaller services, each which may be replicated, and glued together with superior and subordinate referrals.
4. Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software
This chapter details how to build and install the OpenLDAP Software package including slapd(8), the stand-alone LDAP daemon and slurpd(8), the stand-alone update replication daemon. Building and installing OpenLDAP requires several steps: installing prerequisite software, configuring OpenLDAP itself, making, and finally installing. The following sections describe this process in detail.
4.1. Obtaining and Extracting the Software
You can obtain OpenLDAP Software from the project's download page at http://www.openldap.org/software/download/
or directly from the project's
The project makes available two series of packages for general use. The project makes releases as new features and bug fixes come available. Though the project takes steps to improve stablity of these releases, it is common for problems to arise only after release. The latest release which has demonstrated stability through general use.
Users of OpenLDAP Software can choose, depending on their desire for the latest features versus demonstrated stability, the most appropriate series to install.
After downloading OpenLDAP Software, you need to extract the distribution from the compressed archive file and change your working directory to the top directory of the distribution:
- gunzip -c openldap-VERSION.tgz | tar xf -
cd openldap-VERSION
You'll have to replace VERSION with the version name of the release.
You should now review the COPYRIGHT, LICENSE, README and INSTALL documents provided with the distribution. The COPYRIGHT and LICENSE provide information on acceptable use, copying, and limitation of warranty of OpenLDAP software. The README and INSTALL documents provide detailed information on prerequisite software and installation procedures.
4.2. Prerequisite software
OpenLDAP Software relies upon a number of software packages distributed by third parties. Depending on the features you intend to use, you may have to download and install a number of additional software packages. This section details commonly needed third party software packages you might have to install. Note that some of these third party packages may depend on additional software packages. Install each package per installation instructions provided with it.
4.2.1. Transport Layer
Security
OpenLDAP clients and servers require installation of OpenSSL
OpenSSL is available from http://www.openssl.org/.
OpenLDAP will not be fully LDAPv3 compliant unless OpenLDAP's configure detects a usable OpenSSL installation.
4.2.2. Kerberos Authentication Services
OpenLDAP clients and servers support Kerberos-based authentication services.
In particular, OpenLDAP supports
Heimdal Kerberos is available from http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/. MIT Kerberos is available from http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/.
Use of strong authentication services, such as those provided by Kerberos, is highly recommended.
4.2.3. Simple Authentication and Security
Layer
OpenLDAP clients and servers require installation of Cyrus's SASL libraries to provide
Cyrus SASL is available from http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html. Cyrus SASL will make use of OpenSSL and Kerberos/GSSAPI libraries if preinstalled.
OpenLDAP will not be fully LDAPv3 compliant unless OpenLDAP's configure detects a usable Cyrus SASL installation.
4.2.4. Database Software
OpenLDAP's slapd(8) primary database backend,
Your operating system may provide one of these two packages in the base system or as an optional software component. You may need may need to obtain the software and install it yourself.
BerkeleyDB is available from Sleepycat Software's download page http://www.sleepycat.com/download.html. There are several versions available. At the time of this writing, the latest release, version 3.1, is recommended.
GDBM is available from FSF's download site ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gdbm/. At the time of this writing, version 1.8 is the latest release.
4.2.5. Threads
OpenLDAP is designed to take advantage of threads. OpenLDAP supports POSIX pthreads, Mach CThreads, and a number of other varieties. configure will complain if it cannot find a suitable thread subsystem. If this occurs, please consult the Software|Installation|Platform Hints section of the OpenLDAP FAQ http://www.openldap.org/faq/.
4.2.6. TCP Wrappers
slapd(8) supports TCP wrappers (IP level access control filters) if preinstalled. Use of TCP wrappers or other IP-level access filters (such as those provided by an IP-level firewall) is recommended for servers containing non-public information.
4.3. Running configure
Now you should probably run the configure script with the --help option. This will give you a list of options that you can change when building OpenLDAP. Many of the features of OpenLDAP can be enabled or disabled using this method.
./configure --help
The configure script will also look at various environment variables for certain settings. These environment variables include:
| Variable | Description |
| CC | Specify alternative C Compiler |
| CFLAGS | Specify additional compiler flags |
| CPPFLAGS | Specify C Preprocessor flags |
| LDFLAGS | Specify linker flags |
| LIBS | Specify additional libraries |
Now run the configure script with any desired configuration options or environment variables.
[[env] settings] ./configure [options]
As an example, let's assume that we want install OpenLDAP with LDBM backend and TCP wrapper support. By default, LDBM is enabled and TCP wrappers is not. So, we just need to specify --with-wrappers to include TCP wrapper support:
./configure --with-wrappers
However, this will fail to locate dependent software not installed in system directories. For example, if TCP Wrappers headers and libraries are installed in /usr/local/include and /usr/local/lib respectively, the configure script should be called as follows:
env CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/include" LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/lib" \
./configure --with-wrappers
Note: Some shells, such as those derived from the Bourne sh(1), do not require use of the env(1) command. In some cases, environmental variables have to be specified using alternative syntaxes.
The configure script will normally auto-detect appropriate settings. If you have problems at this stage, consult any platform specific hints and check your configure options, if any.
4.4. Building the Software
Once you have run the configure script the last line of output should be:
Please "make depend" to build dependencies
If the last line of output does not match, configure has failed, and you will need to review its output to determine what went wrong. You should not proceed until configure completes successfully.
To build dependencies, run:
make depend
Now build the software, this step will actually compile OpenLDAP.
make
You should examine the output of this command carefully to make sure everything is built correctly. Note that this command builds the LDAP libraries and associated clients as well as slapd(8) and slurpd(8).
4.5. Testing the Software
Once the software has been properly configured and successfully made, you should run the test suite to verify the build.
make test
Tests which apply to your configuration will run and they should pass. Some tests, such as the replication test, may be skipped if not supported by your configuration.
4.6. Installing the Software
One you have successfully tested the software, you are ready to install it. You will need to have write permission to the installation directories you specified when you ran configure. By default OpenLDAP is installed in /usr/local. If you changed this setting with the --prefix configure option, it will be installed in the location you provided.
Typically, the installation typically requires super-user priviledges. From the top level OpenLDAP source directory, type:
su root -c 'make install'
You should examine the output of this command carefully to make sure
everything is installed correctly. You will find the configuration files for
slapd(8) in /usr/local/etc/openldap by default. See the The
sl lude schema
include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema
include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema
include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
# include local schema
include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/local.schema
The attributetype directive is used to define a new attribute type.
The directive uses the same Attribute Type Description (as defined in RFC2252) used by the
attributeTypes attribute found in the subschema subentry, e.g.: where Attribute Type Description is defined by the following
where whsp is a space (' '), numericoid is a globally unique OID in
numeric form (e.g. 1.2.3), qdescrs is one or more names, woid is either
the name or OID, and noidlen is an optional length specifier (e.g
{10}). For example, the attribute types name and cn are defined in
core.schema as: Notice that each defines the attribute's OID and descriptive names. Each name
is an alias for the OID. slapd(8) returns the first listed name when
returning results. The first attribute, name, has a syntax of directoryString
(a UTF-8 encoded Unicode string) with a recommend maximun length. Note that
syntaxes are specified by OID. In addition, the equality and substring matching
uses case ignore rules. Below are tables listing commonly used supported syntax
and matching rules.8.2.4. Attribute Type
Specification
attributetype <RFC2252 Attribute Type Description>
AttributeTypeDescription = "(" whsp
numericoid whsp ; AttributeType identifier
[ "NAME" qdescrs ] ; name used in AttributeType
[ "DESC" qdstring ] ; description
[ "OBSOLETE" whsp ]
[ "SUP" woid ] ; derived from this other
; AttributeType
[ "EQUALITY" woid ; Matching Rule name
[ "ORDERING" woid ; Matching Rule name
[ "SUBSTR" woid ] ; Matching Rule name
[ "SYNTAX" whsp noidlen whsp ] ; see section 4.3
[ "SINGLE-VALUE" whsp ] ; default multi-valued
[ "COLLECTIVE" whsp ] ; default not collective
[ "NO-USER-MODIFICATION" whsp ]; default user modifiable
[ "USAGE" whsp AttributeUsage ]; default userApplications
whsp ")"
AttributeUsage =
"userApplications" /
"directoryOperation" /
"distributedOperation" / ; DSA-shared
"dSAOperation" ; DSA-specific, value depends on server
attributeType ( 2.5.4.41 NAME 'name'
EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{32768} )
attributeType ( 2.5.4.3 NAME
( 'cn' $ 'commonName' ) SUP name )
| Name | OID | Description |
| binary | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.5 | BER/DER data |
| boolean | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7 | boolean value |
| distinguishedName | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.12 | DN |
| directoryString | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 | UTF-8 string |
| IA5String | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 | ASCII string |
| Integer | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 | integer |
| Name and Optional UID | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.34 | DN plus UID |
| Numeric String | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.36 | numeric string |
| OID | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.38 | object identifier |
| Octet String | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.40 | arbitary octets |
| Printable String | 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.44 | printable string |
| Name | Type | Description |
| booleanMatch | equality | boolean |
| objectIdentiferMatch | equality | OID |
| distinguishedNameMatch | equality | DN |
| uniqueMemberMatch | equality | DN with optional UID |
| numericStringMatch | equality | numerical |
| numericStringOrderingMatch | ordering | numerical |
| numericStringSubstringsMatch | substrings | numerical |
| caseIgnoreMatch | equality | case insensitive, space insensitive |
| caseIgnoreOrderingMatch | ordering | case insensitive, space insensitive |
| caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch | substrings | case insensitive, space insensitive |
| caseExactMatch | equality | case sensitive, space insensitive |
| caseExactOrderingMatch | ordering | case sensitive, space insensitive |
| caseExactSubstringsMatch | substrings | case sensitive, space insensitive |
| caseIgnoreIA5Match | equality | case insensitive, space insensitive |
| caseIgnoreIA5OrderingMatch | ordering | case insensitive, space insensitive |
| caseIgnoreIA5SubstringsMatch | substrings | case insensitive, space insensitive |
| caseExactIA5Match | equality | case sensitive, space insensitive |
| caseExactIA5OrderingMatch | ordering | case sensitive, space insensitive |
| caseExactIA5SubstringsMatch | substrings | case sensitive, space insensitive |
The second attribute, cn, is a subtype of name hence it inherits the syntax, matching rules, and usage of name. commonName is an alternative name.
Neither attribute is restricted to a single value and both are meant for usage by user applications. You likely won't need to specify other parameters such as OBSOLETE.
The following subsections provide a couple of examples.
8.2.4.1. myUniqueName
Many organizations maintain a single unique name for each user. Though one could use displayName (RFC2798), this attribute is really meant to be controlled by the user, not the organization. We could just copy the definition of displayName from inetorgperson.schema and replace the OID, name, and description, e.g:
attributetype ( 1.1.2.1.1 NAME 'myUniqueName'
DESC 'unique name with my organization'
EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch
SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch
SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15
SINGLE-VALUE )
However, if we want this name to be included in name assertions [e.g. (name=*Jane*)], the attribute could alternatively be defined as a subtype of name, e.g.:
attributetype ( 1.1.2.1.1 NAME 'myUniqueName'
DESC 'unique name with my organization'
SUP name )
8.2.4.2. myPhoto
Many organizations maintain a photo of each each user. A myPhoto attribute type could be defined to hold a photo. Of course, one could use just use jpegPhoto (RFC2798) (or a subtype) to hold the photo. However, you can only do this if the photo is in JPEG File Interchange Format. Alternatively, an attribute type which uses the Octet String syntax can be defined, e.g.:
attributetype ( 1.1.2.1.2 NAME 'myPhoto'
DESC 'a photo (application defined format)'
SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.40
SINGLE-VALUE )
As noted in the description, LDAP has no knowledge of the format of the photo. It's assumed that all applications accessing this attribute agree on the handling of values.
If you wanted to support multiple photo formats, you could define a separate
attribute type for each format, prefix the photo with some typing information,
or describe the value using
Another alternative is for the attribute to hold a
8.2.5. Object Class Specification
The objectclasses directive is used to define a new object class. The directive uses the same Object Class Description (as defined in RFC2252) used by the objectClasses attribute found in the subschema subentry, e.g.:
objectclass <RFC2252 Object Class Description>
where Object Class Description is defined by the following
ObjectClassDescription = "(" whsp
numericoid whsp ; ObjectClass identifier
[ "NAME" qdescrs ]
[ "DESC" qdstring ]
[ "OBSOLETE" whsp ]
[ "SUP" oids ] ; Superior ObjectClasses
[ ( "ABSTRACT" / "STRUCTURAL" / "AUXILIARY" ) whsp ]
; default structural
[ "MUST" oids ] ; AttributeTypes
[ "MAY" oids ] ; AttributeTypes
whsp ")"
where whsp is a space (' '), numericoid is a globally unique OID in numeric form (e.g. 1.2.3), qdescrs is one or more names, and oids is one or more names and/or OIDs.
8.2.5.1. myPhotoObject
To define an auxiliary object class which allows myPhoto to be added to any existing entry.
objectclass ( 1.1.2.2.1 NAME 'myPhotoObject'
DESC 'mixin myPhoto'
AUXILIARY
MAY myPhoto )
8.2.5.2. myPerson
If your organization would like have a private structural object class to instantiate users, you can subclass one of the existing person classes, such as inetOrgPerson (RFC2798), and add any additional attributes which you desire.
objectclass ( 1.1.2.2.2 NAME 'myPerson'
DESC 'my person'
SUP inetOrgPerson
MUST ( 'myUniqueName' $ 'givenName' )
MAY 'myPhoto' )
The object class inherits the required/allowed attribute types of inetOrgPerson but requires myUniqueName and givenName and allows myPhoto.
9. Constructing a Distributed Directory Service
For many sites, running one or more slapd(8) that hold an entire subtree of data is sufficient. But often it is desirable to have one slapd refer to other directory services for a certain part of the tree (which may or may not be running slapd).
slapd supports subordinate and superior knowledge information.
9.1. Subordinate Knowledge Information
Subordinate knowledge information may be provided to delegate a subtree. Subordinate knowledge information is maintained in the directory as a special referral object at the delegate point. The referral object acts as a delegation point, gluing two services together. This mechanism allows for hierarchical directory services to to be constructed.
A referral object has a structural object class of referral and has
the same
If the server a.example.net holds dc=example,dc=net and wished to delegate the subtree ou=subtree,dc=example,dc=net to another server b.example.net, the following named referral object would be added to a.example.net:
dn: dc=subtree,dc=example,dc=net
objectClass: referral
objectClass: extensibleObject
dc: subtree
ref: ldap://b.example.net/dc=subtree,dc=example,dc=net
The server uses this information to generate referrals and search continuations to subordinate servers.
For those familiar with X.500, a named referral object is similar to
an X.500 knowledge reference held in a subr
9.2. Superior Knowledge Information
Superior knowledge information may be specified using the referral
directive. The value is a list of
referral ldap://root.openldap.org/
However, as a.example.net is the immediate superior to b.example.net, b.example.net would be configured as follows:
referral ldap://a.example.net/
The server uses this information to generate referrals to operations acting upon operations not within or subordinate to any of the naming contexts held by the server.
For those familiar with X.500, this use of the ref attribute is
similar to an X.500 knowledge reference held in a Supr
9.3. The ManageDsaIT Control
Adding, modifying, and deleting referral objects is generally done using ldapmodify(1) or similar tools which support the ManageDsaIT control. The ManageDsaIT control informs the server that you intend to manage the referral object as a regular entry. This keeps the server from sending a referral result for requests which interrogate or update referral objects. The -M option of ldapmodify(1) (and other tools) enables ManageDsaIT. For example:
ldapmodify -M -f referral.ldif -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=net" -W
or with ldapsearch(1):
ldapsearch -M -b "dc=example,dc=net" -x "(objectclass=referral)" '*' ref
Note: the ref attribute is operational and must be explicitly requested when desired in search results.
10. Replication with slurpd
In certain configurations, a single slapd(8) instance may be
insufficient to handle the number of clients requiring directory service via
LDAP. It may become necessary to run more than one slapd instance. At many
sites, for instance, there are multiple slapd servers: one master and one or
more slaves.
slurpd(8) provides the capability for a master slapd to propagate changes to slave slapd instances, implementing the master/slave replication scheme described above. slurpd runs on the same host as the master slapd instance.
10.1. Overview
slurpd(8) provides replication services "in band". That is, it uses the LDAP protocol to update a slave database from the master. Perhaps the easiest way to illustrate this is with an example. In this example, we trace the propagation of an LDAP modify operation from its initiation by the LDAP client to its distribution to the slave slapd instance.
Sample replication scenario:
- The LDAP client submits an LDAP modify operation to the slave slapd.
- The slave slapd returns a referral to the LDAP client referring the client to the master slapd.
- The LDAP client submits the LDAP modify operation to the master slapd.
- The master slapd performs the modify operation, writes out the change to its replication log file and returns a success code to the client.
- The slurpd process notices that a new entry has been appended to the replication log file, reads the replication log entry, and sends the change to the slave slapd via LDAP.
- The slave slapd performs the modify operation and returns a success code to the slurpd process.
10.2. Replication Logs
When slapd is configured to generate a replication logfile, it writes out a
file containing
replica: slave.example.com:389
time: 809618633
dn: uid=bjensen,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
replace: multiLineDescription
description: A dreamer...
-
replace: modifiersName
modifiersName: uid=bjensen,dc=example,dc=com
-
replace: modifyTimestamp
modifyTimestamp: 20000805073308Z
-
The modifications to modifiersName and modifyTimestamp operational attributes were added by the master slapd.
10.3. Command-Line Options
This section details commonly used slurpd(8) command-line options.
-d <level> | ?
This option sets the slurpd debug level to <level>. When level is a `?' character, the various debugging levels are printed and slapd exits, regardless of any other options you give it. Current debugging levels (a subset of slapd's debugging levels) are
| Level | Description |
| 4 | heavy trace debugging |
| 64 | configuration file processing |
| 65535 | enable all debugging |
Debugging levels are additive. That is, if you want heavy trace debugging and want to watch the config file being processed, you would set level to the sum of those two levels (in this case, 68).
-f <filename>
This option specifies an alternate slapd configuration file. Slurpd does not have its own configuration file. Instead, all configuration information is read from the slapd configuration file.
-r <filename>
This option specifies an alternate slapd replication log file. Under normal circumstances, slurpd reads the name of the slapd replication log file from the slapd configuration file. However, you can override this with the -r flag, to cause slurpd to process a different replication log file. See the Advanced slurpd Operation section for a discussion of how you might use this option.
-o
Operate in "one-shot" mode. Under normal circumstances, when slurpd finishes processing a replication log, it remains active and periodically checks to see if new entries have been added to the replication log. In one-shot mode, by comparison, slurpd processes a replication log and exits immediately. If the -o option is given, the replication log file must be explicitly specified with the -r option. See the One-shot mode and reject files section for a discussion of this mode.
-t <directory>
Specify an alternate directory for slurpd's temporary copies of replication logs. The default location is /usr/tmp.
10.4. Configuring slurpd and a slave slapd instance
To bring up a replica slapd instance, you must configure the master and slave slapd instances for replication, then shut down the master slapd so you can copy the database. Finally, you bring up the master slapd instance, the slave slapd instance, and the slurpd instance. These steps are detailed in the following sections. You can set up as many slave slapd instances as you wish.
10.4.1. Set up the master slapd
The following section assumes you have a properly working slapd(8) instance. To configure your working slapd(8) server as a replication master, you need to make the following changes to your slapd.conf(5).
- Add a replica directive for each replica. The binddn= parameter should match the updatedn option in the corresponding slave slapd configuration file, and should name an entry with write permission to the slave database (e.g., an entry listed as rootdn, or allowed access via access directives in the slave slapd configuration file).
- Add a replogfile directive, which tells slapd where to log changes. This file will be read by slurpd.
10.4.2. Set up the slave slapd
Install the slapd software on the host which is to be the slave slapd server. The configuration of the slave server should be identical to that of the master, with the following exceptions:
- Do not include a replica directive. While it is possible to create "chains" of replicas, in most cases this is inappropriate.
- Do not include a replogfile directive.
- Do include an updatedn line. The DN given should match the DN given in the binddn= parameter of the corresponding replica= directive in the master slapd config file.
- Make sure the DN given in the updatedn directive has permission to write the database (e.g., it is listed as rootdn or is allowed access by one or more access directives).
- Use the updateref directive to define the URL the slave should return if an update request is received.
10.4.3. Shut down the master slapd
In order to ensure that the slave starts with an exact copy of the master's data, you must shut down the master slapd. Do this by sending the master slapd process an interrupt signal with kill -INT <pid>, where <pid> is the process-id of the master slapd process.
If you like, you may restart the master slapd in read-only mode while you are replicating the database. During this time, the master slapd will return an "unwilling to perform" error to clients that attempt to modify data.
10.4.4. Copy the master slapd's database to the slave
Copy the master's database(s) to the slave. For an
| Suffix | Database |
| dbb | Berkeley DB B-tree backend |
| dbh | Berkeley DB hash backend |
| gdbm | GNU DBM backend |
In general, you should copy each file found in the database directory unless you know it is not used by slapd(8).
Note: The copy process assumes homogeneous servers with identically configured OpenLDAP installations.
10.4.5. Configure the master slapd for replication
To configure slapd to generate a replication logfile, you add a " replica" configuration option to the master slapd's config file. For example, if we wish to propagate changes to the slapd instance running on host slave.example.com:
replica host=slave.example.com:389
binddn="cn=Replicator,dc=example,dc=com"
bindmethod=simple credentials=secret
In this example, changes will be sent to port 389 (the standard LDAP port) on host slave.example.com. The slurpd process will bind to the slave slapd as "cn=Replicator,dc=example,dc=com" using simple authentication with password "secret". Note that the DN given by the binddn= directive must exist in the slave slapd's database (or be the rootdn specified in the slapd config file) in order for the bind operation to succeed. The DN should also be listed as the updatedn for the database in the slave's slapd.conf(5).
Note: The use of strong authentication and transport security is highly recommended.
10.4.6. Restart the master slapd and start the slave slapd
Restart the master slapd process. To check that it is generating replication logs, perform a modification of any entry in the database, and check that data has been written to the log file.
10.4.7. Start slurpd
Start the slurpd process. Slurpd should immediately send the test modification you made to the slave slapd. Watch the slave slapd's logfile to be sure that the modification was sent.
slurpd -f <masterslapdconfigfile>
10.5. Advanced slurpd Operation
10.5.1. Replication errors
When slurpd propagates a change to a slave slapd and receives an error return code, it writes the reason for the error and the replication record to a reject file. The reject file is located in the same directory as the per-replica replication logfile, and has the same name, but with the string ".rej" appended. For example, for a replica running on host slave.example.com, port 389, the reject file, if it exists, will be named
/usr/local/var/openldap/replog.slave.example.com:389.rej
A sample rejection log entry follows:
ERROR: No such attribute
replica: slave.example.com:389
time: 809618633
dn: uid=bjensen,dc=example,dc=com
changetype: modify
replace: description
description: A dreamer...
-
replace: modifiersName
modifiersName: uid=bjensen,dc=example,dc=com
-
replace: modifyTimestamp
modifyTimestamp: 20000805073308Z
-
Note that this is precisely the same format as the original replication log entry, but with an ERROR line prepended to the entry.
10.5.2. One-shot mode and reject files
It is possible to use slurpd to process a rejection log with its "one-shot mode." In normal operation, slurpd watches for more replication records to be appended to the replication log file. In one-shot mode, by contrast, slurpd processes a single log file and exits. Slurpd ignores ERROR lines at the beginning of replication log entries, so it's not necessary to edit them out before feeding it the rejection log.
To use one-shot mode, specify the name of the rejection log on the command line as the argument to the -r flag, and specify one-shot mode with the -o flag. For example, to process the rejection log file /usr/local/var/openldap/replog.slave.example.com:389 and exit, use the command
slurpd -r /usr/tmp/replog.slave.example.com:389 -o
A. Generic configure Instructions
Basic Installation
==================
These are generic installation instructions.
The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package.
It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent
definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that
you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file
`config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up
reconfiguring, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output
(useful mainly for debugging `configure').
If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try
to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail
diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can
be considered for the next release. If at some point `config.cache'
contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
The file `configure.in' is used to create `configure' by a program
called `autoconf'. You only need `configure.in' if you want to change
it or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of `autoconf'.
The simplest way to compile this package is:
1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type
`./configure' to configure the package for your system. If you're
using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type
`sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
`configure' itself.
Running `configure' takes awhile. While running, it prints some
messages telling which features it is checking for.
2. Type `make' to compile the package.
3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with
the package.
4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and
documentation.
5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the
files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for
a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'. There is
also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly
for the package's developers. If you use it, you may have to get
all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came
with the distribution.
Compilers and Options
=====================
Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that
the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure'
initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using
a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like
this:
CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
Or on systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this:
env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
Compiling For Multiple Architectures
====================================
You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the
same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
own directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that
supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the
directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
the `configure' script. `configure' automatically checks for the
source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'.
If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH'
variable, you have to compile the package for one architecture at a time
in the source code directory. After you have installed the package for
one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
architecture.
Installation Names
==================
By default, `make install' will install the package's files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an
installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the
option `--prefix=PATH'.
You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', the package will use
PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give
options like `--bindir=PATH' to specify different values for particular
kinds of files. Run `configure --help' for a list of the directories
you can set and what kinds of files go in them.
If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed
with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure' the
option `--program-prefix=PREFIX' or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX'.
Optional Features
=================
Some packages pay attention to `--enable-FEATURE' options to
`configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package.
They may also pay attention to `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE
is something like `gnu-as' or `x' (for the X Window System). The
`README' should mention any `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the
package recognizes.
For packages that use the X Window System, `configure' can usually
find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't,
you can use the `configure' options `--x-includes=DIR' and
`--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations.
Specifying the System Type
==========================
There may be some features `configure' can not figure out
automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host the package
will run on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints
a message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the
`--host=TYPE' option. TYPE can either be a short name for the system
type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields:
CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM
See the file `config.sub' for the possible values of each field. If
`config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't
need to know the host type.
If you are building compiler tools for cross-compiling, you can also
use the `--target=TYPE' option to select the type of system they will
produce code for and the `--build=TYPE' option to select the type of
system on which you are compiling the package.
Sharing Defaults
================
If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share,
you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives
default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'.
`configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
A warning: not all `configure' scripts look for a site script.
Operation Controls
==================
`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it
operates.
`--cache-file=FILE'
Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of
`./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for
debugging `configure'.
`--help'
Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.
`--quiet'
`--silent'
`-q'
Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. To
suppress all normal output, redirect it to `/dev/null' (any error
messages will still be shown).
`--srcdir=DIR'
Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually
`configure' can determine that directory automatically.
`--version'
Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure'
script, and exit.
`configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options.
B. OpenLDAP Software Copyright Notices
B.1. OpenLDAP Copyright Notice
Copyright 1998-2000 The OpenLDAP Foundation, Redwood City, California, USA All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP Public License. A copy of this license is available at http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html or in file LICENSE in the top-level directory of the distribution.
Individual files and/or contributed packages may be copyright by other parties and their use subject to additional restrictions.
This work is derived from the University of Michigan LDAP v3.3 distribution. Information concerning this software is available at:
This work also contains materials derived from public sources.
Additional Information about OpenLDAP can be obtained at:
or by sending e-mail to:
B.2. University of Michigan Copyright Notice
Portions Copyright 1992-1996 Regents of the University of Michigan. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided that this notice is preserved and that due credit is given to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. The name of the University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. This software is provided ``as is'' without express or implied warranty.
C. The OpenLDAP Public License
The OpenLDAP Public License
Version 2.4, 8 December 2000
Redistribution and use of this software and associated documentation
("Software"), with or without modification, are permitted provided
that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain copyright statements
and notices.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce applicable copyright
statements and notices, this list of conditions, and the following
disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
with the distribution.
3. Redistributions must contain a verbatim copy of this document.
4. The names and trademarks of the authors and copyright holders
must not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale,
use or other dealing in this Software without specific, written
prior permission.
5. Due credit should be given to the OpenLDAP Project.
6. The OpenLDAP Foundation may revise this license from time to
time. Each revision is distinguished by a version number. You
may use the Software under terms of this license revision or under
the terms of any subsequent revision of the license.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OPENLDAP FOUNDATION AND CONTRIBUTORS
``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
THE OPENLDAP FOUNDATION OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
OpenLDAP is a trademark of the OpenLDAP Foundation.
Copyright 1999-2000 The OpenLDAP Foundation, Redwood City,
California, USA. All Rights Reserved. Permission to copy and
distributed verbatim copies of this document is granted.